All sides committed atrocities against civilians in this war, exacerbating the population displacement begun by the Plantation. There is more cross breeding in Ulster's history than people imagined. This often led outsiders to mistakenly believe that the Gaelic Irish were nomadic. Kennedy, Liam, Ulster since 1600: Politics, Economy and Society, Oxford University Press, 2013. [30], Six counties were involved in the official plantation – Donegal, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan and Armagh. [7] The colonists (or "British tenants")[8][9] were required to be English-speaking, Protestant,[4][10] and loyal to the king. [75], The settlers also left a legacy in terms of language. The legacy of the Plantation remains disputed. It was at this point that Scottish Presbyterians became the majority community in the province. Later 15th century – Boundaries of counties and lordships (black border) and minor lordships (grey border) in Ulster. It has 32 counties and four provinces. The London guilds planning to fund the Plantation of Ulster switched and backed the London Virginia Company instead. The same was attempted in Ireland, where most Scots colonists were Presbyterian. They are County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County Fermanagh, County Londonderry and County Tyrone. Severe rioting lasted for two months and seemed to centre on the tricky question of why Northern Ireland, composed of six north-eastern counties in Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland is divided into six counties, namely: Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry[n 1] and Tyrone. [21] The wars fought among Gaelic clans and between the Gaelic and English undoubtedly contributed to depopulation.[22]. The county of Antrim is around 1,176 square miles (3,046 square kilometers) in size and home to a population of about 618,000. [24], In the Nine Years' War of 1594–1603, an alliance of northern Gaelic chieftains—led by Hugh O'Neill of Tír Eoghain, Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, and Hugh Maguire of Fermanagh—resisted the imposition of English government in Ulster. Nearly everyone in Northern Ireland speaks English. The brief rebellion was ended by Sir Richard Wingfield at the Battle of Kilmacrennan. O Siochru, Micheal, God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, Faber & Faber, London 2008. Northern Ireland is sometimes referred to as Ulster, although it includes only six of the nine counties which made up that historic Irish province. [20] Others estimate that Ulster's population in the year 1600 was about 200,000. The original proposals were smaller, involving planting settlers around key military posts and on church land, and would have included large land grants to native Irish lords who sided with the English during the war, such as Niall Garve O'Donnell. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant Church of Ireland, which was granted all the churches and lands previously owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Thus six counties of the north of Ireland – Antrim, Armagh, Tyrone, Down, Fermanagh, Derry become an autonomous entity of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. The strong Ulster Scots accent originated through the speech of lowland Scots settlers evolving and being influenced by both Hiberno-English and Irish Gaelic. In Northern Ireland, a major re-organisation of local government in 1973 replaced the six traditional counties and two county boroughs (Belfast and Derry) by 26 "single-tier" districts for local government purposes, and these cross the traditional county boundaries. These six counties are those that chose to become separate, independent entities after opting out of the Irish Free State in 1922. [32], What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import workers from England and Scotland. This meant that, rather than settling the planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from the Irish, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. [6] Between the late 13th and early 14th centuries it was subdivided into multiple shires based around centres of Norman power such as Antrim, Carrickfergus, and Newtownards. [5], The area of the modern counties of Antrim and Down was the Earldom of Ulster based on John de Courcy's 1170s conquest of Gaelic Ulaid. The plan for the plantation was determined by two factors. [42], However, the Plantation remained threatened by the attacks of bandits, known as "wood-kern", who were often Irish soldiers or dispossessed landowners. Northern Ireland sends its own MPs to the national parliament (even though the IRA members choose not to take up their seats) so there is no question of England "controlling" Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom, (although it is also described by official sources as a province or a region), situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland.It was created as a separate legal entity on 3 May 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. [59], After 1630, Scottish migration to Ireland waned for a decade. The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times Vol 1, J.Madden & Co (London 1845), Pg. Northern Ireland is one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom (together with England, Scotland and Wales). See also: What is the difference between Ireland and Northern Ireland? [65], In addition to fighting the Ulster Irish, the British settlers fought each other in 1648–49 over the issues of the English Civil War. The areas corresponding to the six counties and two county boroughs remain in use for some administrative purposes, and the six historic counties retain a popular identity. Before the Flight of the Earls, the English administration had sought to minimize the personal estates of the chieftains, but now they treated the chieftains as sole owners of their whole territories, so that all the land could be confiscated. [1] Each county would have an associated county town, with county courts of quarter sessions and assizes. [17] Throughout the 16th century, Ulster was viewed by the English as being "underpopulated" and undeveloped. They formed local majorities of the population in the Finn and Foyle valleys (around modern County Londonderry and east Donegal), in north Armagh and in east Tyrone. The other regional language is Ulster Scots, a variation of English which is spoken in Northern Ireland and is similar to Scots spoken in Scotland. In addition to, and sometimes instead of, its official name, several other names are used for the region. [2] The total number of counties in the island of Ireland is 32, with Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland often respectively called "the Six Counties" and "the Twenty-Six Counties", especially by Irish nationalists opposed to the partition of Ireland. [3] Land in counties Antrim, Down and Monaghan was privately colonised with the king's support. The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland. Stewart states that "The fear which it inspired survives in the Protestant subconscious as the memory of the Penal Laws or the Famine persists in the Catholic. Those 6 counties became Northern Ireland. [53] Irish Gaelic writers bewailed the plantation. Lenihan, Padraig, Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603–1727, Pearson, Essex 2008. Marianne Elliott believes that "1641 destroyed the Ulster Plantation as a mixed settlement". 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