It was used from 487 to 417 B.C., which some historians have pointed out was when Athens was at its peak, According to the procedure, citizens of ancient Athens were instructed to gather once a year and asked if they knew of anyone aiming to be a tyrant. “IV. In the ancient Greek era and most certainly during the time when the story of the Odyssey happened; Justice was frequently instantaneous and severe, almost unswerving. Penelope then brings out the bow of Odysseus as a prize in which the suitors will contend for her. Draco produced a code of laws for Athens in which some relatively minor crimes were punished with death. Democracy, Justice, and Equality in Ancient Greece: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives Georgios Anagnostopoulos , Gerasimos Santas The original essays in this volume discuss ideas relating to democracy, political justice, equality and inequalities in the distribution of resources and public goods. His chief accuser, Meletus, was. The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization pbs.org/empires/thegreeks ; Their belief in their immortality is as follows: they believe that they do not die, but that one who perishes goes to the deity Salmoxis, or Gebeleïzis, as some of them call him. The prices which Solon, in his sixteenth table, sets on choice victims, were naturally far greater; yet they, too, are very low in comparison of the present. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. King Mithridates VI of Pontus was obsessed with the idea of being assassinated by poison. As long as a father lives, no one shall purchase any of his property from a son, or take it on mortgage; but whatever the son himself may have acquired or inherited, he may sell if he will; nor shall the father sell or pledge the property of his children, whatever they have themselves acquired or succeeded to, nor the husband that of his wife, nor the son that of the mother. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. . Their labor freed the land owners to make war among themselves and establish philosophy and the arts. “I. In Athens it was grounds for having one’s citizenship revoked. But if she carry away anything belonging to her children she shall be answerable. It seems an absurd and foolish law which permits an heiress, if her lawful husband fail her, to take his nearest kinsman; yet some say this law was well contrived against those who, conscious of their own unfitness, yet, for the sake of the portion, would match with heiresses, and make use of law to put a violence upon nature; for now, since she can quit him for whom she pleases, they would either abstain from such marriages, or continue them with disgrace, and suffer for their covetousness and designed affront; it is well done, moreover, to confine her to her husband's nearest kinsman, that the children may be of the same family. Metropolitan Museum of Art metmuseum.org/about-the-met/curatorial-departments/greek-and-roman-art; The Ancient City of Athens stoa.org/athens; Once every five years they choose one of their people by lot and send him as a messenger to Salmoxis, with instructions to report their needs; and this is how they send him: three lances are held by designated men; others seize the messenger to Salmoxis by his hands and feet, and swing and toss him up on to the spear-points. Ma’at, one of the earliest abstract terms in human speech, was a central principle and, although no codex of Egyptian law has been found, there is abundant evidence of written law, designed to realise ma’at on earth. But if a father die, the houses in the city and whatever there is in the houses in which a serf residing in the country does not live, and the sheep and the larger animals which do not belong to the serf, shall belong to the sons; but all the rest of the property shall be divided fairly, and the sons, howsoever many there be, shall receive two parts each, and the daughters one part each. True representative government was something that never occurred to the ancient Greeks. Now while the most innocent of men may be the victim of false accusation, only the criminal can have his guilt brought home to him. Their slogans were all about equality: citizens were equal in power and equal before the law and had an equal chance of getting their voice heard. But if he wed another, the children shall have control of the mother's property. To be eligible for the presidency one must be atleast forty years old and a descendant of a Greek father or mother. “XVII. Not unlike some sections of the modern United States, Athens might deny an overtly imperialist agenda but it pursued regime change and the imposition of democracy wherever it suited Athenian interests.". 1920], “I understand from the Greeks who live beside the Hellespont and Pontus, that this Salmoxis was a man who was once a slave in Samos, his master being Pythagoras son of Mnesarchus; [2] then, after being freed and gaining great wealth, he returned to his own country. and was fined 50 talens---which by some estimated is equal to $20 million in today’s money---and ultimately got off with being exiled. Whatever is written for the judge to decide according to witnesses or by oath of denial, he shall decide as is written, but touching other matters shall decide under oath according to matters in controversy. Let this account suffice for those who are interested to learn about the law courts. Some ancient Greeks would have questioned Clytemnestra’s actions, saying, for example, that she should not have killed Cassandra, who was an innocent; and that, as a woman, she should not have taken it upon herself to decide the fate of a great king. Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Gender — The Impact of Gender on Imposing Justice in Ancient Greece This essay has been submitted by a student. Greek drama, and the sociological, scientific and, psychological principles underlying ancient law played a role in the evolution of a great and complex Roman jurisprudence. Plutarch wrote in “Life of Solon”: “Solon's laws in general about women are his strangest; for he permitted any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act- but if any one forced a free woman, a hundred drachmas was the fine; if he enticed her, twenty; except those that sell themselves openly, that is, harlots, who go openly to those that hire them. Odysseus seeing his wife beseeching the men who disrespect his home to merely be with her is good enough intentions why Odysseus' fury is justified. Focusing upon such topics as law, religion, sources of legitimacy, substance and procedure, legal arguments in court, documents and witnesses, and more, The Law And The Courts In Ancient Greece is a superb exploration of the founding principles and practices of modern justice systems used today. The scholar John Gager, told National Geographic, "With the possible exception of modern America, no society has been more notorious for litigation than classical Athens. In ancient times men sometimes made a pledge by putting their hands on their testicles as if to say, "If I am lying you can cut off my balls." Whoever intends to bring suit in relation to a free man or slave, shall not take action by seizure before trial; but if he do seize him, let the judge fine him ten staters for the free man, five for the slave, and let him release him within three days. View Homework Help - 2 Justice in Ancient Greece 2 from THEO 154 at Saint Joseph's University. “3) A relative of a murder victim, can hunt and take into custody the murderer and thus hand him to the authorities where he will be judged. Such is the Greek story about him. Ancient Athenian politics was more an exclusive gentleman's club than a democracy in our terms. Yet the vast cultural differences between antiquity and modernity inevitably put some distance between ancient concerns and our own. This thesis discusses the interaction between the concepts of ”justice” (ma’at) and ” law ” (hpw) in ancient Egypt. The person who received the most votes in excess of a set number was expelled from the city-state for 10 years. When this was finished, he vanished from the sight of the Thracians, and went down into the underground chamber, where he lived for three years, while the Thracians wished him back and mourned him for dead; then in the fourth year he appeared to the Thracians, and thus they came to believe what Salmoxis had told them. The Oresteia can therefore be seen as a plea for a democratic Government instead of the violence that results from a lack of one. INTRODUCTION B. If one commit rape on a free man or woman, he shall pay 100 staters, and if on the son or daughter of an apetairos ten, and if a slave on a free man or woman, he shall pay double, and if a free man on a male or female serf five drachmas, and if a serf on a male or female serf, five staters. On Rape and Adultery. I perceived that these charges were brought forward not so much in a serious spirit as to gratify my opponents' taste for wanton slander. I wish to do this by investigating the discourse about justice and war within the texts of Herodotos, Thucydides, Plato and Aristotle. "Greek and Roman Life" by Ian Jenkins from the British Museum.Time, Newsweek, Wikipedia, Reuters, Associated Press, The Guardian, AFP, Lonely Planet Guides, World Religions edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); History of Warfare by John Keegan (Vintage Books); History of Art by H.W. Cambridge Classics External Gateway to Humanities Resources web.archive.org/web; Ancient Greek Sites on the Web from Medea showgate.com/medea ; Greek History Course from Reed web.archive.org; Harvard University Press. The irony was that a few decades earlier, Athens had led Greece to victory against a vast Persian invasion; now, the Athenians had imposed their own tight control over their former allies (which may have left some wondering whether conquest by the Persians might have been the better option). There were abuses of the system, notibly when strong politicians wanted to oust rivals. A judge in one of Aristophanes plays said: "There isn't a form of flattery they don't pour into a jury's ear. I therefore straightway challenged them, not once only, but frequently and emphatically, to proceed with their accusation...The result was that Aemilianus, perceiving that you, Maximus, not to speak of others, were strongly moved by what had occurred, and that his words had created a serious scandal, began to be alarmed and to seek for some safe refuge from the consequences of his rashness. Citizens had the right to vote, express their opinions, and participate in policy decisions in the assembly on matters like taxation and war. Many prominent Athenian politicians were ostracized. As far back in ancient Greek literature as Homer, the concept of dikaion, used to describe a just person, was important. Just as a good man studiously avoids the repetition of a sin once committed, so men of depraved character repeat their past offence with increased confidence, and, I may add, the more often they do so, the more openly they display their impudence. And even though others say naught of their crimes, they are conscious enough that such charges may at any time deservedly be brought against them. Benefits: As a position, cultural/moral relativism aspires: A. . The Parliament consists of 300 Members, … If a man die, leaving children, if his wife wish, she may marry, taking her own property and whatever her husband may have given her, according to what is written, in the presence of three witnesses of age and free. Furthermore, when there is thunder and lightning these same Thracians shoot arrows skyward as a threat to the god, believing in no other god but their own. Is the most complete surviving Greek Law code. Some say he was used as a scapegoat for Athens' loss in the Peloponnesian War. He was particularly intrigued by a pedestal formed of sculpted lions’ legs, upon which sat two marble slabs forming a very large table or podium that he dated to the late Classical or early Hellenistic period (about 400–300 B.C.). If a woman bear a child while living apart from her husband after divorce, she shall have it conveyed to the husband at his house, in the presence of three witnesses; if he do not receive the child, it shall be in the power of the mother to bring up or expose. Ostracism itself was dropped when the powerful politicians Alcibiades and Nikias ganged to on Hyperbolos, a rival to both of them, and had him exiled. If the adopted son shall die without legitimate children, the property shall return to the pertinent relatives of the adopter. In the 19th Century, a law code from Gortyn on Crete was discovered, dealing fully with family relations and inheritance; less fully with tools, slightly with property outside of the household relations; slightly too, with contracts; but it contains no criminal law or procedure. “At Delphinium are tried those who claim that they have committed justifiable homicide, the plea put forward by Theseus when he was acquitted, after having killed Pallas, who had risen in revolt against him, and his sons. This (still visible) inscription is the largest document of Greek law in existence (see above for its chance survival), but from other fragments we may infer that this inscription formed but a small fraction of a great code. But if he do not release him, let the judge sentence him to a stater for a free man, a drachma for a slave, each day until he has released him. “XIV. [Source: translated by Antonios Loizides, Ancient History Encyclopedia, June 12, 2015]. . The inhabitants had decided to break away from Athens's empire - the network of Athenian satellite states spread all over the eastern Mediterranean - and they had to be brought back into the fold. King Mithridates VI of Pontus was obsessed with the idea of being assassinated by poison. Accountability, Corruption and Bribes in Ancient Greece, John McK. Before I embark on this analysis, I will first establish the historical context of these thinkers in relation to Greek warfare. The law of public entertainment (parasitein is his name for it) is also peculiarly Solon's; for if any man came often, or if he that was invited refused, they were punished, for he concluded that one was greedy, the other a contemner of the state. The mother's property also shall be divided, in case she dies, as is written for the father's. Cambridge. The women portrayed by Homer are respectable, have strong opinions, and are brave. Characters such as Athena, Penelope, and Calypso show all of, often brought unexpected results to the seeker. “XVI. His wife struck him twice on the head with an ax after he returned home from the Trojan War.◂. Excavations have revealed thimble-size terra cotta vessels in which executioners measured doses of hemlock. We have the Parabystum (Thrust aside) and the Triangle; the former is in an obscure part of the city, and in it the most trivial cases are tried; the latter is named from its shape. Pericles was nearly ostracized over opposition to his plan to build the Parthenon. But that law was yet more rigid which, as Heraclides Ponticus delivers, declared the sons of unmarried mothers not obliged to relieve their fathers; for he that avoids the honourable form of union shows that he does not take a woman for children, but for pleasure, and thus gets his just reward, and has taken away from himself every title to upbraid his children, to whom he has made their very birth a scandal and reproach. It aspires to bring the study of Greek law out of isolation, and to reveal its place in the main current of legal … However, Homer’s The Odyssey is an exception to this common stereotype. I have a feeling some will splatter your ample floors with all their blood and brains” (13.451-453). For honour is like a garment; the older it gets, the more carelessly it is worn. Oxford Classical Art Research Center: The Beazley Archive beazley.ox.ac.uk ; A poet and a statesman, he became the ruler of Athens and replaced a dictatorial form government controlled by the aristocracy with a limited democracy made of wealthy citizens. in 4 Volumes. On Property and Inheritance. As we have seen, Lycides was stoned by his fellow councillors and the crowd outside the council house for his suggestion that the Athenians submit to Persia. They had an examination to check the qualifications of an individual before entering office (a dokimasia ), but they also had a formal rendering of accounts at the end of a term of office ( euthynai ) and ostracism in the meantime.”. Most Greek citizens were landowners although the criteria for citizenship varied from city-state to city-state. If a wife shall die childless, the husband shall return to her heirs her property, and whatever she has woven the half, and of the produce, if it be from her own property, the half. In ancient Greek culture, Dike or Dice ( / ˈdaɪkiː / or / ˈdaɪsiː /; Greek: Δίκη, dikē, 'Custom') is the goddess of justice and the spirit of moral order and fair judgement based on immemorial custom, in the sense of socially enforced norms and conventional rules. But if he do not wish to marry the heiress, the relatives of the heiress shall charge him and the judge shall order him to marry her within two months; and if he do not marry, she shall marry the next eldest. If there be legitimate children, the adopted son shall receive with the males the adopted son shall have an equal share. But if the slave on account of whom the defendant was defeated take refuge in a temple, the defendant, summoning the plaintiff in the presence of two witnesses of age and free, shall point out the slave at the temple; but if he do not issue the summons or do not point him out, he shall pay what is written. Ancient Greek and Roman Religion and Myths (35 articles) factsanddetails.com; If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com, please contact me. Legislators were wined and dined at public expense using official drinking cups and tableware that one can see today in Athens. At that time Athens had no written laws and the poor had no formal way of having injustices addressed. Socrates death Poisoning was a common way of murdering people. For all their originality, even Plato’s and Aristotle’s philosophies did not emerge in a vacuum. Then he drags up some poor Methuselah and cross-examines him, baiting word traps, tearing, snaring and curdling him. Ostracism was introduced by Cleisthenes in 508 B.C. If one tries to seduce a free woman, he shall pay ten staters, if a witness testify. [Source: Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Janson Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), Compton’s Encyclopedia and various books and other publications. The Internet Classics Archive kchanson.com ; The Argives landed, under the impression that it was hostile territory, the darkness preventing them from seeing that it was Attica. If he is killed by the toss, they believe that the god regards them with favor; but if he is not killed, they blame the messenger himself, considering him a bad man, and send another messenger in place of him. Contributing authors address these topics through perspectives from ancient Greece, and they critically examine both the ancient debates and their historical context. “Therefore as soon as he was compelled to set his name to the indictment, he conveniently forgot Pontianus, his own brother's son, of whose death he had been continually accusing me only a few days previously. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. Such disorder is never to be suffered in a commonwealth, nor such unseasonable and unloving and unperforming marriages, which attain no due end or fruit; any provident governor or lawgiver might say to an old man that takes a young wife what is said to Philoctetes in the tragedy-. Even Athena believes the suitors deserve justice; she even voices her concern “Those men who court your wife and waste your goods? A striking example of the participation of women in popular justice in ancient Greece is the stoning of Lycides in 479 bce. The legend is that Teucer first defended himself in this way before Telamon, urging that he was guiltless in the matter of the death of Ajax. And if there should be no property but a house, the daughters shall receive their share as is written. In the majority of stories composed in ancient Greece, men are portrayed as heroes: strong-willed, intelligent, and brave. Ancient Greece. In Greek tradition, Crete was an early home of law. Categories with related articles in this website: Ancient Greek History (48 articles) factsanddetails.com; Athenian lawyers used many tactics well-known modern attorneys: They raised innumerable facts and details to bolster their own case and obscure the main points of their opponents arguments; they brought in weeping wives and children to solicit sympathy. Law Code of Gortyn (450 B.C.) Thereupon they say that Demophon, he too being unaware of the facts and ignorant that those who had landed were Argives, attacked them and, having killed a number of them, went off with the Palladium. Below are some examples from The Athenian Constitution: 1) political rights (in Athens) can only belong to those that carry weapons. 11th Brittanica: History of Ancient Greece sourcebooks.fordham.edu ;Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu;Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu, See Curse Tablets Under Superstitions Under Religion, Ostrakon Megacles Beginning in the 7th century B.C., ordinary people were freed from the bonds of slavery, debt and serfdom to wealthy aristocrats. Cambridge. Websites on Ancient Greece: . In giving birth to philosophy, the polis also gave birth to atension between what Aristotle would describe as two lives: the lifeof politics and the life of philosophy. The vast majority - slaves, women and immigrants - were totally excluded from the political process. … Justice in Ancient Greece Practice quiz 1._____ Which of the following best characterizes Plato’s theory of Forms/Ideas? “All are agreed that Demophon was the first to be tried there, but as to the nature of the charge accounts differ. These rights are especially for lower rank lords whereas in order for someone to be elected as a general or head of cavalry he should have a fortune of over 100 mnes and have a legitimate Athenian wife and children over 10 years old. He was no orator" said Historian M.I. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. If there be no legitimate children, the adopted shall received all the property as for legitimates. But Solon, fitting his laws to the state of things, and not making things to suit his laws, and finding the ground scarce rich enough to maintain the husbandmen, and altogether incapable of feeding an unoccupied and leisured multitude, brought trades into credit, and ordered the Areopagites to examine how every man got his living, and chastise the idle. Part of that darkness is well known. Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Greece sourcebooks.fordham.edu ; Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Hellenistic World sourcebooks.fordham.edu ; BBC Ancient Greeks bbc.co.uk/history/; Canadian Museum of History historymuseum.ca; Perseus Project - Tufts University; perseus.tufts.edu ; ; Gutenberg.org gutenberg.org; Classics FAQ MIT rtfm.mit.edu; Burning garments were used to punish criminals in ancient Greece and Rome. If she do not wish to marry, the heiress shall have the house and whatever is in the house, but sharing the half of the remainder, she may marry another of her tribe, and the other half shall go to the eldest. Furthermore, it is also said that inanimate objects have on occasion of their own accord inflicted righteous retribution upon men, of this the scimitar of Cambyses affords the best and most famous instance.1 Near the sea at the Peiraeus is Phreattys. “XVIII. “III. Any citizen who was over 30 could run for office. . Illustrated Greek History, Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, Hampden–Sydney College, Virginia hsc.edu/drjclassics ; Some affirm their tribes did not take their names from the sons of Ion, but from the different sorts of occupation that they followed; the soldiers were called Hoplitae, the craftsmen Ergades, and, of the remaining two, the farmers Gedeontes, and the shepherds and graziers Aegicores. Kontoxristos stresses that the identification of pedestal and building is not definitive, but he hopes to uncover additional evidence. . They were rulers who ousted local oligarchies with the support of the people. And laws must look to possibilities, if the maker designs to punish few in order to their amendment, and not many to no purpose. Apuleius was a priest and an initiate in several Greco-Roman mysteries, including the Dionysian Mysteries. Describing another lawyer in Clouds , Aristophanes wrote: he was a "lawbook on legs, who can snoop like a beagle,/a double-faced, lethal-tongued legal eagle.". In the same play a judge hears a case concerning a dog accused of stealing cheese from a kitchen. logographoi , professional Athenian speech writers who were trained in rhetoric and used their persuasive powers to write speeches to help defendants argue cases before a magistrate, to prepare the details of the case, to advise their clients which courts to use, and to come up with a strategy. An Athenian, however, not seeing before him in the dark, was knocked over by the horse of Demophon, trampled upon and killed. . Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeks about the exploits of gods  and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals. . "Large for large hosts, for twice their number much," and, above all, an abundance of labourers about Sparta, who should not be left idle, but be kept down with continual toil and work, did well to take off his citizens from laborious and mechanical occupations, and keep them to their arms, and teach them only the art of war. Plutarch wrote in “Life of Solon”: Amongst his “laws, one is very peculiar and surprising, which disfranchises all who stand neuter in a sedition; for it seems he would not have any one remain insensible and regardless of the public good, and securing his private affairs, glory that he has no feeling of the distempers of his country; but at once join with the good party and those that have the right upon their side, assist and venture with them, rather than keep out of harm's way and watch who would get the better. Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy and Science (33articles) factsanddetails.com; With Ionic columns reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high, these ruins  suggest the former grandeur of the ancient temple. “VI. Aristophanes Voices Concerns for Ancient Greek Culture in His Plays, Arming Teachers to Give Schools Safety Essay, Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, A Satirical Piece That Parodies Hamle, Essay on Young Woman's Death by Ingesting Exstasy, A Critical Analysis of the Key National Security Issues Faced in the Post-Vietnam War Period. But if he die while the suit is progressing, he shall pay his value one-fold. For never to be able to control passion shows a weak nature and ill-breeding; and always to moderate it is very hard, and to some impossible. [Source: Plutarch, “Life of Solon,” A.D. 75, translated by John Dryden]. OF SOLON – CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN ANCIENT GREECE PRELUDE: ORESTES AND GREEK JUSTICE A. If a son have given property to his mother, or a husband to his wife, as was written before these writings, it shall not be illegal; but hereafter gifts shall be made as here written. “V. But if he deny that he made the seizure, the judge shall decide with oath, unless a witness testify. “VII. Justice, today can be defined as the quality of being just, the principle of moral rightness. ThePresident of the Republic is elected for five years by the Parliament (notthrough direct popular vote). Draco was popular however. Politicians who fell out of favor could be ostracized---exiled for 10 years---by a vote of the assembled citizens, who cast their ballots by scratching the name of the ostracized person on a shard of pottery, or ostrakon (source of the word ostracize) used as ballots. The guiding principle of this system was that every citizen should play a full part in political, military and civic life; there were to be no bystanders. “X. [Source: Yannis Stavrakakis, Archaeology , Volume 65 Number 4, July/August 2012], In Socrates trial there were no lawyers and Socrates defended himself, saying simply he was a humble seeker of truth. A son may give to a mother or a husband to a wife 100 staters or less, but not more; if he should give more, the relatives shall have the property. Mourners tearing themselves to raise pity, and set wailings, and at one man's funeral to lament for another, he forbade. The heiress shall marry the brother of the father, the eldest of those living; and if there be more heiresses and brothers of the father, they shall marry the eldest in succession. It is while the man still lives that they give him the message. , Athenian jurors cast their votes in terra-cotta ballot boxes. If one party contend that he is a free man, the other that he is a slave, those who testify that he is free shall be preferred. 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